New research published by psychologists at the University of Iowa suggests that “infants who have a close, intimate relationship with a parent are less likely to be troubled, aggressive or experience other emotional and behavioral problems when they reach school age.”
In addition, “a young child needs to feel particularly secure with only one parent to reap the benefits of stable emotions and behavior, and […] being attached to dad is just as helpful as being close to mom.”
Attachment theory has long emphasized the importance of a child developing a strong bond with at least one caregiver in the early months and years. That branch of psychology research inspired the study published in the current issue of the academic journal Child Development. The University of Iowa summarized the findings earlier this month.
“There is a really important period when a mother or a father should form a secure relationship with their child, and that is during the first two years of life. That period appears to be critical to the child’s social and emotional development,” says Sanghag Kim, a post-doctoral researcher in psychology at the UI who collaborated with UI psychology professor Grazyna Kochanska on the study. “At least one parent should make that investment.”
The researchers assessed the relationship of 102 infants (15 months old) with a parent and then followed up with 86 of them when they reached age 8. Separate surveys of the parents and the child were taken at that time. The infants and parents were drawn from a broad spectrum of income, education, and race. All the couples were heterosexual.
The authors also solicited feedback from teachers about the children, which ranged from concerns about inner emotions, such as worry or sadness, to more outward displays, such as disobedience and aggression. Interestingly, the children’s reports and their teachers’ impressions were similar; yet they differed, sometimes greatly, from the parents’ evaluations.
“Parents and teachers have different perspectives,” Kim explains. “They observe children in different contexts and circumstances. That is why we collected data from many informants who know the child.”
The researchers were surprised to find out that infants who had felt attached to both parents did not enjoy additional mental and emotional advantages into childhood, compared to those who had been close to one parent. The UI psychologists’ best explanation is that a warm, secure, and positive bond with at least one primary caregiver may be enough to meet the child’s need for security and to provide a solid foundation for development. Other studies have contended that being secure with both parents can have additional advantages; this study, however, checked in with the children when they were older and their outcomes could be more fully measured than those surveyed in previous work, the Iowa researchers said.
This appears to be especially good news for single mothers and stay-at-home dads, two marked parenting shifts that are defining this generation. Kim says the study shows that either parent can serve as a secure, attachment figure for the infant, thus providing the closeness and support to promote the child’s healthy emotional growth.
“Some people think the father is not good enough to be the primary caregiver,” says Kim, who earned his doctorate in sociology at the UI last year. “Our data show otherwise.”
I don’t know why the researchers were surprised by that finding. Lots of well-adjusted children and adults grew up in single-parent families, and lots of people raised in two-parent households feel a strong connection to only one parent.
Since most parents do not regularly observe their children at school, and many children behave differently at school than at home, it’s not too surprising that the teachers’ perspectives more closely aligned with the children’s reports than with the parents’ impression of the children’s emotions and behaviors.
Like most research, the new study has some limitations:
The study did not directly sample single mothers, as all families included two parents. Still, the finding that one parent can provide the tight bond and emotional dividends as two parents “is a good sign,” Kim says, that should be studied further.
On the other end, the study showed that infants who had not felt secure with either parent were more likely to report worries, fears, and aggression when they reached school age. While the trend was clear, the Iowa researchers said, they cautioned that other reasons may explain those children’s difficulties. Also, they note, that all children fell into what psychologists would consider a normal development range, largely without clinically significant problems.
John Bowlby, the father of attachment theory, posited that a parent need not be the primary attachment figure. Babies and small children may form strong and healthy bonds with a different relative or with any regular caregiver, such as a nanny who is a stable presence in the child’s life.